Normative References
The external standards this specification binds to. A conforming implementation must satisfy these references where this specification invokes them.
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this specification. For dated references, only the cited edition applies; the edition is named because the requirement depends on it. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.
These are normative references: where a chapter of this specification requires conformance to one of them, an implementation SHALL satisfy the referenced standard for that requirement. Academic works, prior-art citations, and lineage sources that explain a design without imposing a requirement are not listed here; they appear as informative References within the chapters that cite them.
Numeric representation and arithmetic
- IEEE 754-2019 — IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic. Governs the IEEE-754 representations selectable by Numeric Selection, their error model, and the rounding-direction attributes required by Rounding.
- IEEE 1788-2015 — IEEE Standard for Interval Arithmetic. Governs the soundness obligation for interval enclosures (the outward-rounding requirement) referenced by Rounding and the real interval domain of Numeric Selection §9.1.
- Standard for Posit Arithmetic (2022) — Governs the posit representations and the quire (the
n²/2accumulator width and its exact-accumulation semantics) referenced by Numeric Selection and Rounding.
Cryptographic operations
- FIPS 180-4 — Secure Hash Standard. Governs the SHA-1 digest required of the
Cryptography.sha1intrinsic (Cryptography and Bits Intrinsic Modules). - RFC 4648 — The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings. Governs the Base64 encoding and decoding required of the
Cryptography.base64Encode/Cryptography.base64Decodeintrinsics. - RFC 6455 — The WebSocket Protocol. The protocol whose handshake motivates the SHA-1 and Base64 intrinsics and the byte-order operations of the Bits module.
Text
- The Unicode Standard — Governs character classification, identifiers, and string semantics throughout Lexical Analysis and the text-handling chapters. The undated reference applies: the latest edition of The Unicode Standard governs unless a specific chapter cites a fixed version.
Note on the relationship to this specification
Where this specification restates a figure or rule from a normative reference (for example, the posit quire width, or an IEEE-754 error bound), the restatement is for the reader’s convenience and the normative reference governs in case of conflict. An implementation that satisfies this specification’s requirements while violating a normative reference it invokes is not conforming.